Mikan / Japanese mandarin oranges, known for their exceptional quality and unique flavors, have gained popularity worldwide. This comprehensive overview explores the various types of Japanese mandarin oranges, their characteristics, and where to find them in North America.
Popular Japanese Mandarin Orange (Mikan) Varieties
Unshu Mikan (Satsuma)
Unshu Mikan, also known as Satsuma, is the most widely recognized Japanese mandarin orange variety internationally1. Its characteristics include:
Delicate sweetness
Seedless
Easy to peel
These features have made Unshu Mikan a popular snack fruit overseas. In North America, Satsumas are often marketed as "Cuties" or "Halos" and can be found in most major supermarkets during the winter months.
Dekopon (Sumo Citrus)
Dekopon, a relatively new variety developed in 1972, has gained international popularity5:
Introduced to Korea in the 1990s as "Hallabong"
Exported to California in 1998
Marketed in the United States as "Sumo Citrus" since 2011
Dekopon is characterized by its large size and distinctive protruding bump on top. It's seedless and known for its sweet flavor5.
Other Notable Varieties
Kiyomi: A hybrid of Unshu mikan and orange, known for its balanced sweet and acidic flavors1.
Amanatsu: Also called "natsumikan" (summer mandarin), it's larger than typical mandarins and has a unique bittersweet flavor1.
Shiranui: A hybrid of Kiyomi and Ponkan orange, famous for its distinctive bump and sweet flavor1.
Benni Madonna: A premium variety with a jelly-like texture, extremely thin peel, and intense mandarin orange fragrance and sweetness4.
Japanese Mandarin Orange Production Regions
Wakayama Prefecture
Wakayama is the largest producer of mikan in Japan, with the Arita region being particularly famous1. The area's mild climate and long hours of sunshine contribute to the mandarins' high sugar content.
Ehime Prefecture
The second-largest producer of mikan in Japan, Ehime Prefecture is known for its mineral-rich soil from the Seto Inland Sea1. Over 40 varieties of mikan are grown here, including famous brands like "Beni Madonna" and "Kanpei."
Shizuoka Prefecture
The third-largest producer, Shizuoka Prefecture is known for varieties such as "Aoshima Unshu" and "Jutaro Unshu," characterized by high sugar content and low acidity1.
North American Availability
Japanese mandarin oranges, particularly Satsumas, have gained popularity in North America. However, availability can vary depending on the region and season.
United States
California: The primary domestic producer of Satsuma mandarins in the U.S. S & J Mandarin Grove in Placer County, California, grows organic Owari Satsuma mandarins, Okitsu Wase Satsuma mandarins, Pixies, Tangos, and Clementines2.
Specialty Asian Markets: Many Asian grocery stores in major cities import Japanese citrus fruits, including various mikan varieties.
High-end Supermarkets: Stores like Whole Foods and specialty produce shops sometimes carry Japanese citrus varieties, especially during the winter months.
Online Retailers: Websites specializing in Asian groceries or gourmet foods often offer Japanese mandarin oranges for nationwide delivery.
Canada
Western Provinces: Japanese mandarin oranges are more readily available in the western provinces of Canada, particularly in British Columbia and Alberta6.
Costco: Most Costco locations in the four western provinces of Canada sell Japanese mandarin oranges during the winter season6.
Limited Availability in Eastern Canada: According to customer service reports from major supermarket chains like Loblaws and Sobeys, Japanese mandarin oranges are not typically sold in their Ontario stores or in provinces east of Ontario6. However, Chinese mandarin oranges are widely available.
Specialty Asian Markets: Similar to the U.S., Asian grocery stores in major Canadian cities often import Japanese citrus fruits.
Seasonal Availability
Japanese mandarin oranges are typically available in North America from late fall through winter, with peak availability around the Christmas season. In Canada, they are sometimes referred to as "Christmas oranges" due to their association with the holiday season.
Challenges in North American Distribution
Limited Growing Regions: The specific climate requirements for Japanese mandarin varieties limit domestic production in North America.
Import Regulations: Strict import regulations can make it challenging to bring fresh citrus fruits from Japan to North America.
Transportation and Freshness: The long distance between Japan and North America can impact the freshness of the fruit, making it challenging to maintain quality during shipping.
Market Demand: While popular in western Canada and parts of the U.S., the demand for specifically Japanese varieties may not be high enough in some regions to justify widespread distribution.
Alternative Options
For those unable to find authentic Japanese mandarin oranges, there are several alternatives:
Domestically Grown Satsumas: California-grown Satsumas offer a similar taste and texture to their Japanese counterparts.
Other Mandarin Varieties: Clementines, tangerines, and other mandarin varieties are widely available throughout North America and can provide a similar citrus experience.
Sumo Citrus: This trademarked fruit, based on the Japanese Dekopon, is grown in California and available in many North American supermarkets during its season (typically January through April).
Health Benefits and Cultural Significance
Japanese mandarin oranges are not just valued for their taste but also for their health benefits and cultural significance:
Vitamin C: Rich in vitamin C, these fruits support immune system function.
Low Calorie: They make for a healthy, low-calorie snack option.
Cultural Traditions: In Japan, mikan are often associated with winter and are a popular gift during the New Year holidays.
Versatility: Beyond fresh consumption, these fruits are used in various products like juices, jellies, and candies.
Conclusion
While Japanese mandarin oranges, particularly authentic varieties from Japan, may not be widely available throughout North America, their popularity is growing. The western regions of Canada and the United States, especially areas with significant Asian populations, are more likely to offer these fruits. For those interested in trying Japanese mandarin oranges, exploring specialty Asian markets, high-end grocery stores, or online retailers specializing in imported fruits may yield the best results.
As interest in unique and high-quality citrus fruits continues to grow in North America, it's possible that the availability of Japanese mandarin oranges will increase. In the meantime, domestically grown Satsumas and similar mandarin varieties offer a comparable experience for those unable to find the authentic Japanese versions.
The journey of Japanese mandarin oranges from their origins in Japan to the North American market showcases the global appeal of these fruits. Their unique flavors, easy-to-eat nature, and cultural significance have made them a sought-after treat, particularly during the winter months. As consumers become more adventurous in their fruit choices and more aware of international varieties, the presence of Japanese mandarin oranges in North American markets may continue to expand, bringing a taste of Japan to more households across the continent.
Citations:
- https://www.foodinjapan.org/japan/mikan/
- https://www.sandjmandarins.com/certified-organic-mandarins/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_citrus
- https://hengfruits.com/products/benni-madonna-japanese-mandarin-oranges-%E7%BA%A2%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A9%E3%82%93%E3%81%AA
- https://www.japanrailclub.com/japan-wonders-of-citrus/
- https://www.flyertalk.com/forum/canada/21664-japanese-mandarin-oranges-ontario.html
- https://kumanokodo-iseji.jp/en/feature/gourmet-village/
- https://sugoimart.com/products/red-bull-japan-mandarin
